Peptide Library

Human evidence quality

Thymosin β4 (Tβ4): what the human research shows

Certainty varies by clinical outcome. Each claim below is assessed on its own; open one to see the studies and the reasoning.
Research only · Last assessment published November 8, 2026 · Methodology ev-1

Evidence overview

Research volume and reviewed human evidence are different numbers, kept apart.

Indexed publications

961

Research snapshot 2026.1.1

Human clinical publications

82

PubMed records classified as human research

Distinct human studies reviewed

23

of 96 identified

Randomized controlled studies

8

among reviewed studies

Studies with reported results

8

Registered, no results available

5

Unpublished is not negative

Study results assessed for risk of bias

27

Outcomes with a certainty assessment

2

Research volume for Thymosin β4 (Tβ4) · Library profile

Claims evaluated

Claims are things to investigate, never established benefits. Evidence for one outcome doesn’t carry over to another.

Claims evaluated for Thymosin β4 (Tβ4)
Claim being evaluatedEligible human studiesCertainty by outcome
Improves dry eye signs and symptoms2
Is safe for human administrationSafety8

Human studies

Each distinct study once, however many papers, abstracts or registrations describe it.

Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.Randomized controlled trial · 96 participants · first reported 2025 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary intervention.

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: Infarcted area: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2)

Full study record (PLS-00134)
Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis.Nonrandomized controlled study · Not reported participants · first reported 2021 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with scalp seborrheic dermatitis, plus healthy individuals as a reference group for microbiome comparison

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: Adherent Scalp Flaking Score: No information (ROBINS-I); Maximum Erythema Area: No information (ROBINS-I); Scalp physiological conditions (transepidermal water loss, hydration, sebum secretion): No information (ROBINS-I); Scalp microbiome composition and diversity: No information (ROBINS-I)

Full study record (PLS-00143)
A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers.Randomized controlled trial · Not reported participants · first reported 2010 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Healthy volunteers enrolled in four ascending-dose cohorts of 10 subjects each. The split between placebo and active treatment within cohorts is not stated.

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: Treatment-emergent adverse events: Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2); Dose-limiting toxicities and serious adverse events: Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2); Pharmacokinetic parameters: Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2)

Full study record (PLS-00149)
Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability, and enhancement on healing.Randomized controlled trial · 21 participants · first reported 2007 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with venous ulcers enrolled sequentially into three dose-escalation groups. At the time of the report, 21 patients had been enrolled in the first (lowest-dose) group.

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Full study record (PLS-00155)
The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers.Randomized controlled trial · 73 participants · first reported 2010 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with venous stasis ulcers of the lower limbs

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: Safety and tolerability: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Complete wound healing: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Rate of wound healing: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2)

Full study record (PLS-00156)
Safety and efficacy of autologous thymosin β4 pre-treated endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A pilot study.Randomized controlled trial · 10 participants · first reported 2016 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: 6-minute walking distance: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Left ventricular function: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Feasibility and safety: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2)

Full study record (PLS-00167)
A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers.Randomized controlled trial · Not reported participants · first reported 2021 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Healthy Chinese adult volunteers. The single-dose trial had seven ascending-dose cohorts with 54 subjects in total. The multiple-dose trial had three cohorts with 30 subjects in total.

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: Adverse events / tolerability: Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2); Pharmacokinetics (plasma concentration, Cmax, AUC, terminal clearance, accumulation): Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2)

Full study record (PLS-00173)
Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model.Randomized controlled trial · Not reported participants · first reported 2015 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Subjects with moderate to severe dry eye who qualified for a controlled adverse environment (CAE) challenge model study

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: Ocular discomfort score: Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2); Inferior corneal staining: Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2); Ocular discomfort during CAE challenge: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Central corneal staining: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Superior corneal staining: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Adverse events: Some concerns (Cochrane RoB 2)

Full study record (PLS-00174)
Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta 4.Case report · Not reported participants · first reported 2010 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects (number and characteristics not stated in the record)

Full study record (PLS-00178)
Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial.Randomized controlled trial · 9 participants · first reported 2011 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with severe dry eye disease, including dry eye associated with graft vs. host disease. The registry also lists Sjogren's syndrome as a condition.

Assessed from the abstract only: essential methods may be missing.

Risk of bias: Ocular discomfort (OSDI questionnaire): High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Total corneal fluorescein staining: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Tear film breakup time: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Tear volume production: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2); Safety and tolerability: High risk of bias (Cochrane RoB 2)

Full study record (PLS-00201)
A Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis BullosaOther design · 30 participants · first reported 2006 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with epidermolysis bullosa (wound healing study); age and other eligibility details not stated in the record

Full study record (PLS-00208)
Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure UlcersOther design · 72 participants · first reported 2006 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with pressure ulcers

Full study record (PLS-00209)
A Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal WoundsOther design · 12 participants · first reported 2008 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: People with corneal wounds; the registered condition is diabetes. Eligibility details are not stated in the record.

Full study record (PLS-00210)
Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis UlcersOther design · 72 participants · first reported 2009 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with venous stasis ulcers

Full study record (PLS-00212)
Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Dry EyeOther design · 72 participants · first reported 2011 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with dry eye syndrome / dry eye

Full study record (PLS-00215)
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1Other design · 317 participants · first reported 2015 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: People with dry eye syndrome. Eligibility criteria are not given in the record.

Full study record (PLS-00225)
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy : SEER-1Other design · 18 participants · first reported 2015 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: People with neurotrophic keratopathy (registry condition field); no further eligibility details in the record.

Full study record (PLS-00226)
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome : ARISE-2Other design · 601 participants · first reported 2016 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: People with dry eye syndrome. Age and other eligibility criteria are not given in the record.

Full study record (PLS-00235)
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3Other design · 700 participants · first reported 2019 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: People with dry eye syndrome (registered conditions: Dry Eye Syndromes, Dry Eye); eligibility details not in record.

Full study record (PLS-00237)
A Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy VolunteersOther design · 54 participants · first reported 2020 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Healthy volunteers (Phase 1a)

Full study record (PLS-00238)
A Phase 1b Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy VolunteersOther design · 30 participants · first reported 2020 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Healthy volunteers

Full study record (PLS-00239)
Assessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2Other design · 70 participants · first reported 2022 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: People with neurotrophic keratopathy (NK). The record gives no further eligibility details.

Full study record (PLS-00243)
Recombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 for Injection(NL005) for Acute Myocardial InfarctionOther design · Not reported participants · first reported 2026 · automated, not human-reviewed

Population: Patients with acute myocardial infarction, including anterior wall, left ventricular and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Eligibility details are not in the record.

Full study record (PLS-00251)
Records reviewed and excluded (73)
  • Low periconceptional maternal serum thymosin alpha 1 levels are associated with blighted pregnancies.: other
  • Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults.: other
  • Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in serum: comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum.: other
  • Modulation of thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets during experimental rhinovirus colds.: wrong compound
  • Defective in vitro gamma interferon production and elevated serum immunoreactive thymosin beta 4 levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.: other
  • Modulation of thymosin beta 4 by estrogen.: wrong compound
  • Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applications.: not human
  • Malignant thymoma associated with T-cell lymphocytosis. A case report with immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement analysis.: other
  • Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.: other
  • Longitudinal Trends of Salivary Oxidized Thymosin β4 and β10 in Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.: wrong compound
  • Hypomethylation of thymosin β4 promoter is associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B-induced liver failure.: wrong compound
  • Association Between Thymosin β4 and Coronary Arterial Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease.: other
  • Hypermethylation of thymosin β4 predicts a poor prognosis for patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure.: other
  • Thymosin β4, a potential marker of malignancy and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.: other
  • Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.: other
  • Role of Thymosin Beta 4 in the diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and its relation to Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian patients.: other
  • Association between thymosin beta4 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.: other
  • Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.: wrong compound
  • Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics.: other
  • Serum thymosin beta4 as a noninvasive biomarker in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.: other
  • Thymosin β4 and β10 are highly expressed at the deep infiltrative margins of colorectal cancer - A mass spectrometry analysis.: other
  • Comparative proteomic analysis of plasma of children with congenital heart disease.: other
  • Identification and quantification of thymosin beta4 in human saliva and tears.: other
  • F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis.: other
  • Endogenous Thymosin β4 Expression in Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease: A Retrospective, Immunohistochemical Analysis of Excisional Skin Biopsy Samples.: other
  • Conjunctival expression of thymosin-beta4 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.: other
  • Thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.: other
  • Thymosin ß4 expression in colorectal polyps and adenomas.: other
  • Thymosin beta4 levels after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.: other
  • Thymosin beta 4 is associated with collateral development in coronary artery disease.: other
  • Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.: wrong compound
  • Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.: other
  • The expression of thymosin β4 in chronic hepatitis B combined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.: other
  • Association of serum thymosin β4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.: other
  • Determination of thymosin beta4 and protein in human wound fluid after abdominal surgery.: other
  • Serum thymosin beta4 levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure.: wrong compound
  • MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.: other
  • MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis-A new approach for protein mapping in multiple sclerosis brain lesions.: other
  • Association of thymosin β4 expression with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes of bladder cancer patients.: other
  • Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor.: other
  • Thymosinβ4: a novel assessed biomarker of the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patient?: other
  • Plasma levels of F-actin and F:G-actin ratio as potential new biomarkers in patients with septic shock.: other
  • Occurrence of thymosin beta4 in human breast cancer cells and in other cell types of the tumor microenvironment.: other
  • Increases in plasma Tβ4 after intracardiac cell therapy in chronic ischemic heart failure is associated with symptomatic improvement.: wrong compound
  • Over-expression of thymosin β4 in granulomatous lung tissue with active pulmonary tuberculosis.: other
  • Increased levels of thymosin β4 in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association of thymosin β4 with other factors that are involved in inflammation and bone erosion in joints.: other
  • Association between serum thymosin β4 levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients and disease activity and response to therapy.: other
  • Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.: wrong compound
  • Quantification of thymosin beta(4) in human cerebrospinal fluid using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.: other
  • Expression patterns of Thymosin β4 and cancer stem cell marker CD133 in ovarian cancers.: other
  • Thymosin beta(4) and beta(10) levels in pre-term newborn oral cavity and foetal salivary glands evidence a switch of secretion during foetal development.: other
  • Evaluation of thymosin β4 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in urothelial carcinoma.: other
  • MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.: other
  • Effect of vitamin A deficiency on thymosin-β4 and CD4 concentrations.: wrong compound
  • Serum Thymosin β4 Concentrations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients.: other
  • Thymosin β4 is a novel potential prognostic marker in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.: other
  • Thymosin β4 and β10 in Sjögren's syndrome: saliva proteomics and minor salivary glands expression.: other
  • Peptidomic Identification of Serum Peptides Diagnosing Preeclampsia.: wrong compound
  • Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid thymosin β4 levels to the clinical differentiation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.: other
  • Increased thymosin β4 levels in the serum and SF of knee osteoarthritis patients correlate with disease severity.: other
  • Thymosin β 4 in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front in tumor cells undergoing epithelial mesenchymal transition.: other
  • Distribution of thymic hormones in thymic tumors and myasthenic thymus.: other
  • β-Thymosins and interstitial lung disease: study of a scleroderma cohort with a one-year follow-up.: other
  • In situ proteomic analysis by MALDI imaging identifies ubiquitin and thymosin-β4 as markers of malignant intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms.: other
  • Relationship between serum thymosin β4 levels and coronary collateral development.: other
  • From proteomic multimarker profiling to interesting proteins: thymosin-β(4) and kininogen-1 as new potential biomarkers for inflammatory hepatic lesions.: other
  • [The clinical significance of thymosin β4 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer].: other
  • Biochemical characterization of thymic hormones in thymoma tissues.: other
  • Multiplexed molecular descriptors of pressure ulcers defined by imaging mass spectrometry.: other
  • Intraocular expression of thymosin β4 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.: wrong compound
  • Elevated expression of thymosin β4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in early-stage cervical cancers.: wrong compound
  • A Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteers: other
  • A Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarction: other

Why the counts differ

Publications, studies and registrations are different units.

These numbers count different things. The research snapshot 2026.1.1 counts 82 human clinical publications: PubMed records, classified by publication type. Here, each reviewed study is counted once (23 in all), however many reports describe it (81 PubMed records, 16 registrations, 0 other reports such as meeting abstracts outside PubMed).

Which source records describe which study
StudySource recordRole
PLS-00126 (excluded)PMID 8373526Low periconceptional maternal serum thymosin alpha 1 levels are associated with blighted pregnancies.primary
PLS-00127 (excluded)PMID 1566283Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults.primary
PLS-00128 (excluded)PMID 3781707Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in serum: comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum.primary
PLS-00129 (excluded)PMID 2572736Modulation of thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets during experimental rhinovirus colds.primary
PLS-00130 (excluded)PMID 3127096Defective in vitro gamma interferon production and elevated serum immunoreactive thymosin beta 4 levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.primary
PLS-00131 (excluded)PMID 2983555Modulation of thymosin beta 4 by estrogen.primary
PLS-00132 (excluded)PMID 6087503Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applications.primary
PLS-00133 (excluded)PMID 8382915Malignant thymoma associated with T-cell lymphocytosis. A case report with immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement analysis.primary
PLS-00134PMID 41229390Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.primary
PLS-00135 (excluded)PMID 34607232Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.primary
PLS-00136 (excluded)PMID 42353940Longitudinal Trends of Salivary Oxidized Thymosin β4 and β10 in Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.primary
PLS-00137 (excluded)PMID 35150577Hypomethylation of thymosin β4 promoter is associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B-induced liver failure.primary
PLS-00138 (excluded)PMID 40631047Association Between Thymosin β4 and Coronary Arterial Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease.primary
PLS-00139 (excluded)PMID 36041971Hypermethylation of thymosin β4 predicts a poor prognosis for patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure.primary
PLS-00140 (excluded)PMID 36269095Thymosin β4, a potential marker of malignancy and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.primary
PLS-00141 (excluded)PMID 36321670Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.primary
PLS-00142 (excluded)PMID 35436057Role of Thymosin Beta 4 in the diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and its relation to Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian patients.primary
PLS-00143PMID 34318587Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis.primary
PLS-00144 (excluded)PMID 30896961Association between thymosin beta4 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.primary
PLS-00145 (excluded)PMID 28756979Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.primary
PLS-00146 (excluded)PMID 39950438Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics.primary
PLS-00147 (excluded)PMID 29271227Serum thymosin beta4 as a noninvasive biomarker in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.primary
PLS-00148 (excluded)PMID 34919228Thymosin β4 and β10 are highly expressed at the deep infiltrative margins of colorectal cancer - A mass spectrometry analysis.primary
PLS-00149PMID 20536472A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers.primary
PLS-00150 (excluded)PMID 31070245Comparative proteomic analysis of plasma of children with congenital heart disease.primary
PLS-00151 (excluded)PMID 17600285Identification and quantification of thymosin beta4 in human saliva and tears.primary
PLS-00152 (excluded)PMID 32421363F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis.primary
PLS-00153 (excluded)PMID 28448267Endogenous Thymosin β4 Expression in Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease: A Retrospective, Immunohistochemical Analysis of Excisional Skin Biopsy Samples.primary
PLS-00154 (excluded)PMID 17200658Conjunctival expression of thymosin-beta4 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.primary
PLS-00155PMID 17495250Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability, and enhancement on healing.primary
PLS-00156PMID 20536470The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers.primary
PLS-00157 (excluded)PMID 24704991Thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.primary
PLS-00158 (excluded)PMID 24141838Thymosin ß4 expression in colorectal polyps and adenomas.primary
PLS-00159 (excluded)PMID 22257803Thymosin beta4 levels after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.primary
PLS-00160 (excluded)PMID 21877905Thymosin beta 4 is associated with collateral development in coronary artery disease.primary
PLS-00161 (excluded)PMID 28831179Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.primary
PLS-00162 (excluded)PMID 28611096Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.primary
PLS-00163 (excluded)PMID 28033294The expression of thymosin β4 in chronic hepatitis B combined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.primary
PLS-00164 (excluded)PMID 37133832Association of serum thymosin β4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.primary
PLS-00165 (excluded)PMID 17495244Determination of thymosin beta4 and protein in human wound fluid after abdominal surgery.primary
PLS-00166 (excluded)PMID 20128033Serum thymosin beta4 levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure.primary
PLS-00167PMID 27288307Safety and efficacy of autologous thymosin β4 pre-treated endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A pilot study.primary
PLS-00168 (excluded)PMID 26556858MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.primary
PLS-00169 (excluded)PMID 27461358MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis-A new approach for protein mapping in multiple sclerosis brain lesions.primary
PLS-00170 (excluded)PMID 27596300Association of thymosin β4 expression with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes of bladder cancer patients.primary
PLS-00171 (excluded)PMID 34495765Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor.primary
PLS-00172 (excluded)PMID 24674841Thymosinβ4: a novel assessed biomarker of the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patient?primary
PLS-00173PMID 34346165A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers.primary
PLS-00174PMID 26056426Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model.primary
PLS-00175 (excluded)PMID 26754286Plasma levels of F-actin and F:G-actin ratio as potential new biomarkers in patients with septic shock.primary
PLS-00176 (excluded)PMID 16949646Occurrence of thymosin beta4 in human breast cancer cells and in other cell types of the tumor microenvironment.primary
PLS-00177 (excluded)PMID 26022762Increases in plasma Tβ4 after intracardiac cell therapy in chronic ischemic heart failure is associated with symptomatic improvement.primary
PLS-00178PMID 20457990Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta 4.primary
PLS-00179 (excluded)PMID 24556076Over-expression of thymosin β4 in granulomatous lung tissue with active pulmonary tuberculosis.primary
PLS-00180 (excluded)PMID 22004227Increased levels of thymosin β4 in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association of thymosin β4 with other factors that are involved in inflammation and bone erosion in joints.primary
PLS-00181 (excluded)PMID 22653616Association between serum thymosin β4 levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients and disease activity and response to therapy.primary
PLS-00182 (excluded)PMID 23747515Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.primary
PLS-00183 (excluded)PMID 20346905Quantification of thymosin beta(4) in human cerebrospinal fluid using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.primary
PLS-00184 (excluded)PMID 23055022Expression patterns of Thymosin β4 and cancer stem cell marker CD133 in ovarian cancers.primary
PLS-00185 (excluded)PMID 19337364Thymosin beta(4) and beta(10) levels in pre-term newborn oral cavity and foetal salivary glands evidence a switch of secretion during foetal development.primary
PLS-00186 (excluded)PMID 20864366Evaluation of thymosin β4 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in urothelial carcinoma.primary
PLS-00187 (excluded)PMID 12970751MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.primary
PLS-00188 (excluded)PMID 30647705Effect of vitamin A deficiency on thymosin-β4 and CD4 concentrations.primary
PLS-00189 (excluded)PMID 27086675Serum Thymosin β4 Concentrations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients.primary
PLS-00190 (excluded)PMID 22882257Thymosin β4 is a novel potential prognostic marker in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.primary
PLS-00191 (excluded)PMID 27716395Thymosin β4 and β10 in Sjögren's syndrome: saliva proteomics and minor salivary glands expression.primary
PLS-00192 (excluded)PMID 23840341Peptidomic Identification of Serum Peptides Diagnosing Preeclampsia.primary
PLS-00193 (excluded)PMID 22431836Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid thymosin β4 levels to the clinical differentiation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.primary
PLS-00194 (excluded)PMID 23816466Increased thymosin β4 levels in the serum and SF of knee osteoarthritis patients correlate with disease severity.primary
PLS-00195 (excluded)PMID 22233609Thymosin β 4 in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front in tumor cells undergoing epithelial mesenchymal transition.primary
PLS-00196 (excluded)PMID 8765340Distribution of thymic hormones in thymic tumors and myasthenic thymus.primary
PLS-00197 (excluded)PMID 21314931β-Thymosins and interstitial lung disease: study of a scleroderma cohort with a one-year follow-up.primary
PLS-00198 (excluded)PMID 24650966In situ proteomic analysis by MALDI imaging identifies ubiquitin and thymosin-β4 as markers of malignant intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms.primary
PLS-00199 (excluded)PMID 21691205Relationship between serum thymosin β4 levels and coronary collateral development.primary
PLS-00200 (excluded)PMID 21496200From proteomic multimarker profiling to interesting proteins: thymosin-β(4) and kininogen-1 as new potential biomarkers for inflammatory hepatic lesions.primary
PLS-00201PMID 25826322Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial.primary
PLS-00201NCT01393132 · results postedComparative Study of Thymosin Beta 4 Eye Drops vs. Vehicle in the Treatment of Severe Dry Eyeregistry entry
PLS-00202 (excluded)PMID 21251403[The clinical significance of thymosin β4 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer].primary
PLS-00203 (excluded)PMID 2333664Biochemical characterization of thymic hormones in thymoma tissues.primary
PLS-00204 (excluded)PMID 22092844Multiplexed molecular descriptors of pressure ulcers defined by imaging mass spectrometry.primary
PLS-00205 (excluded)PMID 21332672Intraocular expression of thymosin β4 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.primary
PLS-00206 (excluded)PMID 21213129Elevated expression of thymosin β4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in early-stage cervical cancers.primary
PLS-00208NCT00311766 · results postedA Phase 2 Study on Effect of Thymosin Beta 4 on Wound Healing in Patients With Epidermolysis Bullosaregistry entry
PLS-00209NCT00382174 · results postedStudy of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Pressure Ulcersregistry entry
PLS-00210NCT00598871 · results postedA Phase 2 Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Corneal Woundsregistry entry
PLS-00211 (excluded)NCT00743769 · no results postedA Phase 1 Safety Study of the Intravenous Administration of Thymosin Beta in Healthy Volunteersregistry entry
PLS-00212NCT00832091 · results postedStudy of Thymosin Beta 4 in Patients With Venous Stasis Ulcersregistry entry
PLS-00214 (excluded)NCT01311518 · no results postedA Study of the Safety and Efficacy of Injectable Thymosin Beta 4 for Treating Acute Myocardial Infarctionregistry entry
PLS-00215NCT01387347 · results postedSafety and Efficacy of Thymosin Beta 4 Ophthalmic Solution in Patients With Dry Eyeregistry entry
PLS-00225NCT02597803 · no results postedAssessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-1registry entry
PLS-00226NCT02600429 · results postedAssessment of the Safety and Efficacy Study of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Neurotrophic Keratopathy : SEER-1registry entry
PLS-00235NCT02974907 · results postedAssessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome : ARISE-2registry entry
PLS-00237NCT03937882 · results postedAssessment of the Safety and Efficacy of RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solutions for Dry Eye Syndrome: ARISE-3registry entry
PLS-00238NCT04555824 · no results postedA Phase 1a Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteersregistry entry
PLS-00239NCT04555850 · no results postedA Phase 1b Study of Thymosin Beta 4 in Healthy Volunteersregistry entry
PLS-00243NCT05555589 · no results postedAssessment of the Safety and Efficacy of 0.1% RGN-259 Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of NK: SEER-2registry entry
PLS-00251NCT07586865 · no results postedRecombinant Human Thymosin Beta 4 for Injection(NL005) for Acute Myocardial Infarctionregistry entry

Evidence gaps

  • Research activity gap: No gap identified

    Little indexed research of any kind.

  • Human research gap: No gap identified

    Laboratory or animal research exists, but little human research.

  • Evidence quality gap: Gap identified

    Human research exists, but no assessed outcome reaches moderate or high certainty.

  • Clinical relevance gap: No gap identified

    Studies exist but none directly address a claim being evaluated.

  • Safety evidence gap: Gap identified

    Safety is not established with moderate or high certainty for the populations, routes or durations studied.

Timeline

Registrations, publications, posted results and every change to the assessments.

  1. 1984-01-01

    Published: Thymosins: structure, function and therapeutic applications.

  2. 1985-02-01

    Published: Modulation of thymosin beta 4 by estrogen.

  3. 1986-01-01

    Published: Thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in serum: comparison of normal, cord, homosexual and AIDS serum.

  4. 1988-04-01

    Published: Defective in vitro gamma interferon production and elevated serum immunoreactive thymosin beta 4 levels in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

  5. 1989-01-01

    Published: Modulation of thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 levels and peripheral blood mononuclear cell subsets during experimental rhinovirus colds.

  6. 1990-03-01

    Published: Biochemical characterization of thymic hormones in thymoma tissues.

  7. 1992-02-01

    Published: Serum levels of immunoreactive thymosin alpha 1 and thymosin beta 4 in large cohorts of healthy adults.

  8. 1993-03-01

    Published: Malignant thymoma associated with T-cell lymphocytosis. A case report with immunophenotypic and gene rearrangement analysis.

  9. 1993-04-01

    Published: Low periconceptional maternal serum thymosin alpha 1 levels are associated with blighted pregnancies.

  10. 1996-01-01

    Published: Distribution of thymic hormones in thymic tumors and myasthenic thymus.

  11. 2003-09-01

    Published: MALAT-1, a novel noncoding RNA, and thymosin beta4 predict metastasis and survival in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer.

  12. 2004-12-01

    Published: [The clinical significance of thymosin β4 expression in human non-small cell lung cancer].

  13. 2006-04-06

    Registered: NCT00311766

  14. 2006-09-01

    Published: Occurrence of thymosin beta4 in human breast cancer cells and in other cell types of the tumor microenvironment.

  15. 2006-09-28

    Registered: NCT00382174

  16. 2006-12-20

    Published: Conjunctival expression of thymosin-beta4 in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

  17. 2007-05-10

    Published: Thymosin beta-4 and venous ulcers: clinical remarks on a European prospective, randomized study on safety, tolerability, and enhancement on healing.

  18. 2007-05-10

    Published: Determination of thymosin beta4 and protein in human wound fluid after abdominal surgery.

  19. 2007-06-28

    Published: Identification and quantification of thymosin beta4 in human saliva and tears.

  20. 2008-01-23

    Registered: NCT00598871

  21. 2008-08-29

    Registered: NCT00743769

  22. 2009-01-29

    Registered: NCT00832091

  23. 2009-04-01

    Published: Thymosin beta(4) and beta(10) levels in pre-term newborn oral cavity and foetal salivary glands evidence a switch of secretion during foetal development.

  24. 2010-02-01

    Published: Serum thymosin beta4 levels in patients with hepatitis B virus-related liver failure.

  25. 2010-02-01

    Results posted: NCT00382174

  26. 2010-03-24

    Results posted: NCT00832091

  27. 2010-03-25

    Published: Quantification of thymosin beta(4) in human cerebrospinal fluid using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

  28. 2010-04-01

    Published: A randomized, placebo-controlled, single and multiple dose study of intravenous thymosin beta4 in healthy volunteers.

  29. 2010-04-01

    Published: The effect of thymosin treatment of venous ulcers.

  30. 2010-04-13

    Results posted: NCT00598871

  31. 2010-05-01

    Published: Treatment of chronic nonhealing neurotrophic corneal epithelial defects with thymosin beta 4.

  32. 2010-09-22

    Published: Evaluation of thymosin β4 in the regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation in urothelial carcinoma.

  33. 2011-01-01

    Published: Relationship between serum thymosin β4 levels and coronary collateral development.

  34. 2011-01-07

    Published: Elevated expression of thymosin β4, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1α in early-stage cervical cancers.

  35. 2011-02-11

    Published: β-Thymosins and interstitial lung disease: study of a scleroderma cohort with a one-year follow-up.

  36. 2011-02-18

    Published: Intraocular expression of thymosin β4 in proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

  37. 2011-03-09

    Registered: NCT01311518

  38. 2011-07-04

    Registered: NCT01387347

  39. 2011-07-13

    Registered: NCT01393132

  40. 2011-08-30

    Published: Thymosin beta 4 is associated with collateral development in coronary artery disease.

  41. 2011-08-31

    Published: Increased levels of thymosin β4 in synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: association of thymosin β4 with other factors that are involved in inflammation and bone erosion in joints.

  42. 2011-10-01

    Published: From proteomic multimarker profiling to interesting proteins: thymosin-β(4) and kininogen-1 as new potential biomarkers for inflammatory hepatic lesions.

  43. 2011-10-19

    Published: Multiplexed molecular descriptors of pressure ulcers defined by imaging mass spectrometry.

  44. 2011-12-01

    Published: Thymosin beta4 levels after successful primary percutaneous coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction.

  45. 2012-02-15

    Published: Thymosin β 4 in colorectal cancer is localized predominantly at the invasion front in tumor cells undergoing epithelial mesenchymal transition.

  46. 2012-03-24

    Published: Thymosin β4 is a novel potential prognostic marker in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

  47. 2012-06-01

    Published: Association between serum thymosin β4 levels of rheumatoid arthritis patients and disease activity and response to therapy.

  48. 2012-07-01

    Published: Contribution of cerebrospinal fluid thymosin β4 levels to the clinical differentiation of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

  49. 2012-10-10

    Published: Expression patterns of Thymosin β4 and cancer stem cell marker CD133 in ovarian cancers.

  50. 2012-12-24

    Results posted: NCT01387347

  51. 2013-06-06

    Published: Identification of tubulin beta chain, thymosin beta-4-like protein 3, and cytochrome b-c₁ complex subunit 1 as serological diagnostic biomarkers of gastric cancer.

  52. 2013-06-10

    Results posted: NCT00311766

  53. 2013-06-19

    Published: Peptidomic Identification of Serum Peptides Diagnosing Preeclampsia.

  54. 2013-06-28

    Published: Increased thymosin β4 levels in the serum and SF of knee osteoarthritis patients correlate with disease severity.

  55. 2013-09-01

    Published: Thymosin ß4 expression in colorectal polyps and adenomas.

  56. 2013-12-17

    Published: In situ proteomic analysis by MALDI imaging identifies ubiquitin and thymosin-β4 as markers of malignant intraductal pancreatic mucinous neoplasms.

  57. 2014-02-04

    Published: Over-expression of thymosin β4 in granulomatous lung tissue with active pulmonary tuberculosis.

  58. 2014-03-11

    Published: Thymosin beta 4 and thymosin beta 10 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma.

  59. 2014-03-24

    Published: Thymosinβ4: a novel assessed biomarker of the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure patient?

  60. 2015-05-01

    Published: Thymosin β4 significantly improves signs and symptoms of severe dry eye in a phase 2 randomized trial.

  61. 2015-05-01

    Published: Increases in plasma Tβ4 after intracardiac cell therapy in chronic ischemic heart failure is associated with symptomatic improvement.

  62. 2015-05-20

    Published: Thymosin beta 4 ophthalmic solution for dry eye: a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase II clinical trial conducted using the controlled adverse environment (CAE™) model.

  63. 2015-11-05

    Registered: NCT02597803

  64. 2015-11-09

    Registered: NCT02600429

  65. 2015-12-01

    Published: MALDI-imaging reveals thymosin beta-4 as an independent prognostic marker for colorectal cancer.

  66. 2015-12-23

    Results posted: NCT01393132

  67. 2016-01-01

    Published: Association of thymosin β4 expression with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes of bladder cancer patients.

  68. 2016-01-12

    Published: Plasma levels of F-actin and F:G-actin ratio as potential new biomarkers in patients with septic shock.

  69. 2016-04-18

    Published: Serum Thymosin β4 Concentrations in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Patients.

  70. 2016-06-07

    Published: Safety and efficacy of autologous thymosin β4 pre-treated endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: A pilot study.

  71. 2016-07-01

    Published: MALDI imaging mass spectrometry analysis-A new approach for protein mapping in multiple sclerosis brain lesions.

  72. 2016-10-06

    Published: Thymosin β4 and β10 in Sjögren's syndrome: saliva proteomics and minor salivary glands expression.

  73. 2016-11-29

    Registered: NCT02974907

  74. 2016-12-01

    Published: The expression of thymosin β4 in chronic hepatitis B combined nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

  75. 2017-04-01

    Published: Endogenous Thymosin β4 Expression in Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease: A Retrospective, Immunohistochemical Analysis of Excisional Skin Biopsy Samples.

  76. 2017-06-13

    Published: Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

  77. 2017-07-06

    Published: Thymosin beta-4 overexpression correlates with high-risk groups in gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors: A retrospective analysis by immunohistochemistry.

  78. 2017-08-22

    Published: Global Proteomics-based Identification and Validation of Thymosin Beta-4 X-Linked as a Prognostic Marker for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

  79. 2017-10-10

    Published: Effect of vitamin A deficiency on thymosin-β4 and CD4 concentrations.

  80. 2018-01-01

    Published: Serum thymosin beta4 as a noninvasive biomarker in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

  81. 2019-04-01

    Published: Association between thymosin beta4 and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

  82. 2019-05-06

    Registered: NCT03937882

  83. 2019-05-14

    Published: Comparative proteomic analysis of plasma of children with congenital heart disease.

  84. 2020-06-01

    Published: F-Actin is associated with a worsening qSOFA score and intensive care unit admission in emergency department patients at risk for sepsis.

  85. 2020-09-21

    Registered: NCT04555850

  86. 2020-09-21

    Registered: NCT04555824

  87. 2021-07-28

    Published: Recombinant human thymosin beta-4 (rhTβ4) improved scalp condition and microbiome homeostasis in seborrheic dermatitis.

  88. 2021-08-04

    Published: A first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, single- and multiple-dose, phase I study of recombinant human thymosin β4 in healthy Chinese volunteers.

  89. 2021-09-08

    Published: Discovery of thymosin β4 as a human exerkine and growth factor.

  90. 2021-10-01

    Published: Association between Thymosin beta-4, acute kidney injury, and mortality in patients with sepsis: An observational cohort study.

  91. 2021-12-01

    Published: Thymosin β4 and β10 are highly expressed at the deep infiltrative margins of colorectal cancer - A mass spectrometry analysis.

  92. 2022-01-05

    Results posted: NCT02974907

  93. 2022-04-01

    Published: Role of Thymosin Beta 4 in the diagnosis of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver and its relation to Metabolic Syndrome in Egyptian patients.

  94. 2022-08-19

    Published: Hypermethylation of thymosin β4 predicts a poor prognosis for patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B liver failure.

  95. 2022-09-27

    Registered: NCT05555589

  96. 2022-10-01

    Published: Aberrant Expression of Thymosin Beta-4 Correlates With Advanced Disease and BRAF V600E Mutation in Thyroid Cancer.

  97. 2022-10-21

    Published: Thymosin β4, a potential marker of malignancy and prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma.

  98. 2023-01-01

    Published: Hypomethylation of thymosin β4 promoter is associated with glucocorticoid therapy in patients with acute-on-chronic hepatitis B-induced liver failure.

  99. 2023-08-14

    Results posted: NCT02600429

  100. 2023-12-01

    Published: Association of serum thymosin β4 with malnutrition-inflammation-atherosclerosis syndrome in peritoneal dialysis patients: a cross-sectional study.

  101. 2025-02-14

    Published: Exploring the Relationship Between Thymosin β4 Protein and First Myocardial Infarction on the Basis of Proteomics.

  102. 2025-07-03

    Published: Association Between Thymosin β4 and Coronary Arterial Lesions in Children with Kawasaki Disease.

  103. 2025-12-01

    Published: Recombinant human thymosin beta 4 improves ischemic cardiac dysfunction in mice and patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after reperfusion.

  104. 2026-05-14

    Registered: NCT07586865

  105. 2026-06-02

    Published: Longitudinal Trends of Salivary Oxidized Thymosin β4 and β10 in Preterm Infants with Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia.

  106. 2026-08-28

    Results posted: NCT03937882

  107. 2026-11-08

    Claim assessment published (version 1)

  108. 2026-11-08

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  109. 2026-11-08

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  111. 2026-11-08

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  113. 2026-11-08

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Sources and method

Every assessment links its sources and keeps its full version history. Methodology · All assessments (CSV) · All study records (CSV)

These assessments describe published research. Records marked automated were produced by AI under the published methodology and have not been reviewed by a person; they can contain errors. None of this is medical advice, not a statement about any product’s safety for human use, and not a regulatory approval. Peptide Library’s vendor and partner relationships play no part in them (editorial independence).