Peptide Library

Human study PLS-00162

Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.

Case-control study · Not reported participants enrolled · not included in the assessments (other)

Version 1 · published November 8, 2026 · evidence through November 8, 2026 · research snapshot 2026.1.1 · methodology ev-1 · Automated assessment by AI (claude-opus-5-5 and claude-sonnet-5-5), not reviewed by a person.

Only the abstract was available. Essential methods may be missing, which limits what can be judged.

Reports of this study

Every publication, registration and abstract describing this one study. Participants are counted once.

  • Thymosin Beta-4 Is Elevated in Women With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction.primary · Journal of the American Heart Association · 2017-06-13 · PMID 28611096 · DOI

Design and participants

Design
Case-control study
Population
Age- and sex-matched patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (n=219) or reduced ejection fraction (n=219), and non-heart-failure controls (n=219), drawn from a prospective nationwide study.
Conditions
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Setting
Prospective nationwide study; plasma biomarker measurement by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Planned enrollment (registry)
Not reported
Enrolled
Not reported
Randomized
Not reported
Completed follow-up
Not reported

Intervention and comparator

What each group received. Related peptides, analogs and combinations are never treated as the compound itself.

    What the authors reported

    As stated in the sources. This is the authors’ account, not Peptide Library’s assessment.

    Adverse events

    None reported. That is not evidence of safety, and how safety was monitored isn’t described.

    The authors concluded (paraphrased): Plasma thymosin beta-4 is elevated in women with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and carries prognostic information. Its link to X chromosome biology and to sex differences in heart disease outcomes warrants further study.

    Peptide Library’s assessment

    An automated assessment, made by AI separately from the authors’ conclusions and not reviewed by a person. How risk of bias is assessed.

    Limitations

    • inappropriate endpoint: Endogenous plasma thymosin beta-4 was measured as a biomarker; the compound was not administered, so no treatment effect or safety can be inferred.
    • abstract only: Only the PubMed abstract is available in the record; methods, funding and conflicts are not described.
    • confounding: The design is observational; associations with mortality were adjusted only for a limited set of covariates (NYHA class, NT-proBNP, age, myocardial infarction).
    • other: Endogenous levels were measured as a biomarker and the compound was not administered, so the study cannot inform treatment effects or safety of thymosin beta-4.

    No risk-of-bias assessment has been published for this study’s results.

    Claims this study informs

    Where each value comes from

    • author_conclusion: PMID 28611096, abstract (Conclusions, sentences 1-2) · extracted by AI (automated, not verified by a person) · abstract only
    • design: PMID 28611096, abstract (Methods and results, sentence 1) · extracted by AI (automated, not verified by a person) · abstract only
    • limitations: PMID 28611096, abstract (Background sentence 3 and Methods and results sentence 1) · extracted by AI (automated, not verified by a person) · abstract only
    • population: PMID 28611096, abstract (Methods and results, sentence 1) · extracted by AI (automated, not verified by a person) · abstract only

    • Version 1 · published November 8, 2026 · evidence through November 8, 2026 · research snapshot 2026.1.1 · methodology ev-1 · Automated assessment by AI (claude-opus-5-5 and claude-sonnet-5-5), not reviewed by a person.

    These assessments describe published research. Records marked automated were produced by AI under the published methodology and have not been reviewed by a person; they can contain errors. None of this is medical advice, not a statement about any product’s safety for human use, and not a regulatory approval. Peptide Library’s vendor and partner relationships play no part in them (editorial independence).