Peptide Library

Research statistics

Elamipretide (SS-31) research: publications and trials

What has been published on Elamipretide (SS-31): PubMed publications, the kind of evidence they report and registered clinical trials. These are counts of research, not a judgment of whether Elamipretide (SS-31) works or is safe. For what it is and what the studies found, see the Elamipretide (SS-31) profile.
Automated weekly refresh · data through November 1, 2026

At a glance

Publications, all years

409

Since 1992

Publications in 2026 so far

47

Through November 1, 2026

Human clinical research

7.4%

30 of 408 classified

Registered clinical trials

30

ClinicalTrials.gov

Randomized controlled trials

17

Publications reporting an RCT in people

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses

1

Preclinical studies

82.8%

283 animal · 53 in vitro · 2 computational

Records that only mention it

132

Not counted above

Status in the library: FDA-approved. Groups: Longevity and mitochondrial peptides. 1 publications are not yet classified by study type.

What to keep in mind

  • More than 70% of the indexed publications are animal, cell or computational studies.
  • Some completed trials have neither posted results nor a linked results publication.

Publications by year

Elamipretide (SS-31) publications by year and evidence

1992, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 1 of 12005, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 1 of 12006, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 3 of 32007, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 1 of 12008, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 2 of 22009, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 2 of 22010, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 2 of 22011, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 11 of 112012, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 4 of 52012, Reviews and meta-analyses: 1 of 52013, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 9 of 102013, Other and not yet classified: 1 of 102014, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 11 of 132014, Reviews and meta-analyses: 2 of 132015, Human clinical research: 1 of 112015, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 9 of 112015, Reviews and meta-analyses: 1 of 112016, Human clinical research: 1 of 132016, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 12 of 132017, Human clinical research: 3 of 232017, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 19 of 232017, Other and not yet classified: 1 of 232018, Human clinical research: 2 of 222018, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 18 of 222018, Other and not yet classified: 2 of 222019, Human clinical research: 2 of 282019, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 25 of 282019, Reviews and meta-analyses: 1 of 282020, Human clinical research: 3 of 262020, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 21 of 262020, Reviews and meta-analyses: 2 of 262021, Human clinical research: 3 of 342021, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 27 of 342021, Reviews and meta-analyses: 4 of 342022, Human clinical research: 2 of 332022, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 26 of 332022, Reviews and meta-analyses: 4 of 332022, Other and not yet classified: 1 of 332023, Human clinical research: 3 of 312023, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 26 of 312023, Reviews and meta-analyses: 1 of 312023, Other and not yet classified: 1 of 312024, Human clinical research: 5 of 442024, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 34 of 442024, Reviews and meta-analyses: 1 of 442024, Other and not yet classified: 4 of 442025, Human clinical research: 4 of 462025, Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 36 of 462025, Reviews and meta-analyses: 4 of 462025, Other and not yet classified: 2 of 462026 (to date), Human clinical research: 1 of 472026 (to date), Preclinical (animal, in vitro, computational): 38 of 472026 (to date), Reviews and meta-analyses: 6 of 472026 (to date), Other and not yet classified: 2 of 47Human clinical researchPreclinical (animal, in vitro, computational)Reviews and meta-analysesOther and not yet classified020406019922009201420192026*
Counted PubMed publications by year of first publication. * 2026 runs to November 1, 2026. A larger bar is more publications, not stronger evidence.
Show the data
YearHuman clinical researchPreclinical (animal, in vitro, computational)Reviews and meta-analysesOther and not yet classifiedTotal
199201001
200501001
200603003
200701001
200802002
200902002
201002002
20110110011
201204105
2013090110
20140112013
2015191011
20161120013
20173190123
20182180222
20192251028
20203212026
20213274034
20222264133
20233261131
20245341444
20254364246
2026 (to date)1386247

Study types

Animal study283
In vitro study53
Review26
Randomized controlled trial17
Case report7
Editorial, letter or other7
Correction or retraction notice6
Other clinical trial5
Computational study2
Meta-analysis1
Observational human study1
Not yet classified1

Research areas

From MeSH major topics. A paper can be in several areas.

Cardiovascular150
Neurological and mental health112
Metabolic health91
Musculoskeletal72
Tissue repair66
Immune system53
Reproductive and sexual health46
Longevity and aging45
Cognitive health31
Endocrinology30
Antimicrobial and infectious disease15
Gastrointestinal12

Registered clinical trials

10 of 22 trials completed at least a year before the cutoff have neither posted results nor a linked results publication. A registration is not a result.

Completed: 22 · Terminated: 3 · Recruiting: 2 · Active, not recruiting: 1 · Available (expanded access): 1 · Withdrawn: 1
Phase not applicable: 1 · Phase 1: 9 · Phase 1 / Phase 2: 5 · Phase 2: 10 · Phase 2 / Phase 3: 1 · Phase 3: 3 · Phase 4: 1

TrialStatusPhaseStartedResults
Clinical Trial in Patients With Barth Syndrome- 4TAZPowerNCT07531251 · 48 enrolledRecruitingPhase 42026-07—
Study of Healthy Aging and Physical Function With ElamipretideNCT07275424 · 30 enrolledRecruitingPhase 22025-11—
ReNEW:Phase 3 Study of Efficacy, Safety & Pharmacokinetics of Subcutaneous Injections of Elamipretide in Subjects With Dry Age-Related Macular Degeneration (Dry AMD)NCT06373731 · 313 enrolledActive, not recruitingPhase 32024-05—
Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Subjects With Primary Mitochondrial Disease From Nuclear DNA Mutations (nPMD)NCT05162768 · 102 enrolledCompletedPhase 32022-04—
FRDA Investigator Initiated Study (IIS) With ElamipretideNCT05168774 · 20 enrolledCompletedPhase 1, Phase 22022-03Posted
ReCLAIM-2 Study to Evaluate Safety,Efficacy & Pharmacokinetics of Elamipretide in Subjects With AMD With Non-central GANCT03891875 · 176 enrolledCompletedPhase 22019-03Posted
A Trial to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Elamipretide Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy Followed by Open-Label ExtensionNCT03323749 · 218 enrolledTerminatedPhase 32017-10Posted
A Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Elamipretide in Subjects With Barth SyndromeNCT03098797 · 12 enrolledCompletedPhase 2, Phase 32017-07Posted
Open-Label Extension Trial to Characterize the Long-term Safety and Tolerability of Elamipretide in Subjects With Genetically Confirmed Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy (PMM)NCT02976038 · 28 enrolledTerminatedPhase 22016-12Posted
An Open-Label, Phase 1 Clinical Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Subcutaneous Elamipretide in Subjects With Intermediate Age-Related Macular DegenerationNCT02848313 · 40 enrolledCompletedPhase 12016-10Posted
A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Cardiac and Renal Effects of Short Term Treatment With Elamipretide in Patients Hospitalized With Congestion Due to Heart FailureNCT02914665 · 308 enrolledCompletedPhase 22016-10—
A Study to Evaluate the Effects of 4 Weeks Treatment With Subcutaneous Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Subjects With Stable Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection FractionNCT02814097 · 46 enrolledCompletedPhase 22016-09—
Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy of MTP-131 for Treatment of Mitochondrial Disease in Subjects From the MMPOWER StudyNCT02805790 · 30 enrolledCompletedPhase 22016-08Posted
Effect of Elamipretide on Left Ventricular Function in Subjects With Stable Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection FractionNCT02788747 · 71 enrolledCompletedPhase 22016-06Posted
A Study Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for Treatment of Leber's Hereditary Optic NeuropathyNCT02693119 · 12 enrolledCompletedPhase 22016-03Posted
A Study Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Fuchs' Corneal Endothelial Dystrophy (FCED)NCT02653391 · 22 enrolledCompletedPhase 1, Phase 22016-02Posted
A Multiple Ascending Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Efficacy of Bendavia™ (MTP-131) in Patients With Heart FailureNCT02388529WithdrawnPhase 12015-05—
A Phase 1 Study Investigating the Safety and Pharmacokinetics of Repeat-dose Intravenous Infusion of MTP-131 in Subjects With Impaired Renal FunctionNCT02436447 · 23 enrolledCompletedPhase 12015-05—
Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of MTP-131 for the Treatment of Mitochondrial MyopathyNCT02367014 · 36 enrolledCompletedPhase 1, Phase 22015-02Posted
A Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Impact of MTP-131 (Bendavia™) on Skeletal Muscle Function in ElderlyNCT02245620 · 41 enrolledCompletedPhase 22015-01Posted
A Study of MTP-131 Topical Ophthalmic Solution in Subjects With Diabetic Macular Edema and Non-Exudative Intermediate Age-related Macular DegenerationNCT02314299 · 20 enrolledCompletedPhase 1, Phase 22014-11—
A Study Investigating the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of MTP-131 in Subjects With Congestive Heart FailureNCT02388464 · 36 enrolledCompletedPhase 12014-07—
Safety and Pharmacokinetic (PK) Study of Oral Bendavia Administered for 7 DaysNCT01786915 · 30 enrolledCompletedPhase 12013-02—
Effects of Intravenous Bendavia™ on Reperfusion Injury in Patients Undergoing Angioplasty of the Renal ArteryNCT01755858 · 16 enrolledTerminatedPhase 1, Phase 22012-12Posted
A Phase 1 Study Examining the Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of a Single Oral Dose of Bendavia (MTP-131)NCT01754818 · 30 enrolledCompletedPhase 12012-11—
Evaluation of Myocardial Effects of MTP-131 for Reducing Reperfusion Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary EventsNCT01572909 · 300 enrolledCompletedPhase 22012-04Posted
Study to Assess the Pharmacodynamic Effects of Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) in Healthy Volunteers With and Without BendaviaNCT01513200 · 12 enrolledCompletedPhase 12012-01—
The Impact of Intravenous Bendavia™ on Endothelial Reactivity Dysfunction in Cigarette SmokingNCT01518985 · 6 enrolledCompletedPhase 12012-01—
Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Intravenous (IV) Infusion of MTP-131 (Bendavia™) in Healthy AdultsNCT01115920 · 40 enrolledCompletedPhase 12010-05—
An Intermediate Size Expanded Access Protocol of ElamipretideNCT04689360Available (expanded access)Phase not applicable——

Human trials and evidence reviews

Meta-analyses, systematic reviews and trials in people, newest first.

  1. Effect of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants on glycaemic control, cardiovascular health, and oxidative stress in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

    Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · March 3, 2022 · Meta-analysis · cited 36 times · open access

    PMID 35165982 · DOI 10.1111/dom.14669 · Reviews and meta-analyses

  2. Initial Psychometric Evaluation of the Barth Syndrome Symptom Assessment (BTHS-SA) for Adolescents and Adults in a Phase 2 Clinical Study.

    Orphanet journal of rare diseases · April 25, 2025 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 0 times · open access

    PMID 40281531 · DOI 10.1186/s13023-025-03693-5 · Human clinical research

  3. Genotype-specific effects of elamipretide in patients with primary mitochondrial myopathy: a post hoc analysis of the MMPOWER-3 trial.

    Orphanet journal of rare diseases · November 21, 2024 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 14 times · open access

    PMID 39574155 · DOI 10.1186/s13023-024-03421-5 · Human clinical research

  4. ReCLAIM-2: A Randomized Phase II Clinical Trial Evaluating Elamipretide in Age-related Macular Degeneration, Geographic Atrophy Growth, Visual Function, and Ellipsoid Zone Preservation.

    Ophthalmology science · October 9, 2024 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 37 times · open access

    PMID 39605874 · DOI 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100628 · Human clinical research

  5. Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER.

    Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · April 8, 2024 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 47 times · open access

    PMID 38602181 · DOI 10.1016/j.gim.2024.101138 · Human clinical research

  6. Elamipretide Topical Ophthalmic Solution for the Treatment of Subjects with Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy: A Randomized Trial.

    Ophthalmology · November 3, 2023 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 8 times · open access

    PMID 37923251 · DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2023.10.033 · Human clinical research

  7. Efficacy and Safety of Elamipretide in Individuals With Primary Mitochondrial Myopathy: The MMPOWER-3 Randomized Clinical Trial.

    Neurology · June 2, 2023 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 81 times · open access

    PMID 37268435 · DOI 10.1212/wnl.0000000000207402 · Human clinical research

  8. Identifying responders to elamipretide in Barth syndrome: Hierarchical clustering for time series data.

    Orphanet journal of rare diseases · April 11, 2023 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 3 times · open access

    PMID 37041653 · DOI 10.1186/s13023-023-02676-8 · Human clinical research

  9. In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial.

    PloS one · July 15, 2021 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 38 times · open access

    PMID 34264994 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0253849 · Human clinical research

  10. A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome, a genetic disorder of mitochondrial cardiolipin metabolism.

    Genetics in medicine : official journal of the American College of Medical Genetics · October 20, 2020 · Randomized controlled trial · cited 132 times · open access

    PMID 33077895 · DOI 10.1038/s41436-020-01006-8 · Human clinical research

Most cited

By OpenAlex citation count. Citations measure attention, not quality or correctness.

  1. Impaired mitochondrial biogenesis, defective axonal transport of mitochondria, abnormal mitochondrial dynamics and synaptic degeneration in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

    Human molecular genetics · August 25, 2011 · Animal study · cited 643 times · open access

    PMID 21873260 · DOI 10.1093/hmg/ddr381 · Animal studies

  2. First-in-class cardiolipin-protective compound as a therapeutic agent to restore mitochondrial bioenergetics.

    British journal of pharmacology · April 1, 2014 · Review · cited 550 times · open access

    PMID 24117165 · DOI 10.1111/bph.12461 · Reviews and meta-analyses

  3. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin.

    Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN · July 11, 2013 · Animal study · cited 486 times · open access

    PMID 23813215 · DOI 10.1681/asn.2012121216 · Animal studies

  4. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants protect against amyloid-beta toxicity in Alzheimer's disease neurons.

    Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD · January 1, 2010 · In vitro study · cited 469 times · open access

    PMID 20463406 · DOI 10.3233/jad-2010-100564 · In vitro studies

  5. Reversal of Mitochondrial Transhydrogenase Causes Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure.

    Cell metabolism · August 6, 2015 · Animal study · cited 380 times · open access

    PMID 26256392 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.008 · Animal studies

Latest publications

  1. Report from the 2026 Barth Syndrome Foundation International Scientific, Medical & Family Conference: Advances in Barth Syndrome Research, Therapy Development, and Clinical Care.

    Journal of developmental biology · October 19, 2026 · Review · cited 0 times

    PMID 42924728 · DOI 10.3390/jdb14040045 · Reviews and meta-analyses

  2. Mitochondria-Targeting Iron-Carbon Nanozymes Combat Hepatic Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury via the Dual Mechanisms of Respiratory Chain Remodeling and Pyroptosis Inhibition With MRI Monitoring.

    Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · October 14, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times · open access

    PMID 42875822 · DOI 10.1002/advs.78277 · Animal studies

  3. A "Progenitor Cell Ark" hydrogel system for intervertebral disc regeneration via mitochondrial targeting and mitophagy enhancement.

    Science advances · October 14, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times · open access

    PMID 42873876 · DOI 10.1126/sciadv.aeh5001 · Animal studies

  4. Mitochondria-targeted peptide elamipretide alleviates cisplatin-induced ovarian failure by activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 pathway.

    Frontiers in pharmacology · October 5, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times · open access

    PMID 42898512 · DOI 10.3389/fphar.2026.1960111 · Animal studies

  5. Elamipretide Rejuvenates Oocyte Quality and Restores Female Fertility During Reproductive Aging.

    Aging cell · October 1, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times · open access

    PMID 42827331 · DOI 10.1111/acel.70749 · Animal studies

  6. NIR-Responsive Mitochondrial-Targeted Nanozymes With Built-In Antibacterial Function for Safe Osteoarthritis Therapy.

    Advanced healthcare materials · September 24, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times · open access

    PMID 42786626 · DOI 10.1002/adhm.71754 · Animal studies

  7. Engineered Mitochondria-Targeted Biomimetic Hybrid Nanovesicles Ameliorate Rheumatoid Arthritis via Regulating Macrophage Autophagy and cGAS-STING Signaling.

    ACS applied materials & interfaces · September 1, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times

    PMID 42709510 · DOI 10.1021/acsami.6c13918 · Animal studies

  8. Oral Colon- and Mitochondria-Targeted Nanoparticles Alleviate Ulcerative Colitis by Reeducating Macrophage Polarization via SIRT3/FOXO3a-Mediated Mitochondrial Restoration.

    Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology · August 24, 2026 · Animal study · cited 1 times

    PMID 42638278 · DOI 10.1111/jgh.70668 · Animal studies

  9. Seawater immersion reshapes the temporal dynamics of traumatic brain injury and reveals mitochondrial oxidative stress as a modifiable therapeutic target.

    Experimental neurology · August 14, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times

    PMID 42600764 · DOI 10.1016/j.expneurol.2026.115979 · Animal studies

  10. Chondrocyte membrane-camouflaged selenium nanoplatform with dual targeting for mitochondrial restoration and osteoarthritis therapy.

    Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · August 12, 2026 · Animal study · cited 0 times

    PMID 42586485 · DOI 10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.115257 · Animal studies

Browse all 409 publications in the dashboard

How this is counted

PubMed records matched by the names below, counted when the peptide is in the title, indexed by MeSH, or confirmed from the abstract. The exact query can be rerun on Europe PMC. Methodology

Search terms: Bendavia; Elamipretida; Elamipretide; Forzinity; MTP-131; Ocuvia; SS-31

((TITLE_ABS:"Bendavia" OR CHEM:"Bendavia") OR (TITLE_ABS:"Elamipretida" OR CHEM:"Elamipretida") OR (TITLE_ABS:"Elamipretide" OR CHEM:"Elamipretide") OR (TITLE_ABS:"Forzinity" OR CHEM:"Forzinity") OR (TITLE_ABS:"MTP-131" OR CHEM:"MTP-131" OR TITLE_ABS:"MTP131" OR CHEM:"MTP131") OR (TITLE_ABS:"Ocuvia" OR CHEM:"Ocuvia") OR (TITLE_ABS:"SS-31" OR CHEM:"SS-31" OR TITLE_ABS:"SS31" OR CHEM:"SS31")) AND SRC:MED

Cite this page

Peptide Library. (2026, November 2). Elamipretide (SS-31) research statistics (Version weekly-2026-11-01) [Statistic]. Peptide Library. https://peptidelibrary.app/research/peptides/elamipretide