Semaglutide vs tirzepatide vs retatrutide: what’s the difference (research overview)?

In research discussions:

• Semaglutide is primarily a GLP-1 receptor agonist
• Tirzepatide is commonly described as GIP + GLP-1 dual agonist
• Retatrutide is studied as GLP-1 + GIP + glucagon multi-agonist

These differences relate to which receptors are targeted and how signaling pathways may differ across experimental models.